๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜ํ•™

๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜ํ•™

์ฃผ์ œ: LaTeX ๋ ˆ์Šจ: 16๊ฐœ ์ค‘ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง€์‹: ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์กฐํŒ, ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ & ๋ฌธ์„œ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๋ชฉํ‘œ: ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ–‰ ์ˆ˜์‹, ํ–‰๋ ฌ, ์ •๋ฆฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์กฐํŒ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ.


์†Œ๊ฐœ

๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ชจ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ผ์ธ ์ˆ˜์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์ž‘์„ฑ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ–‰ ์œ ๋„, ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ ์ˆ˜์‹, ํ–‰๋ ฌ, ์ •๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์žฅ, ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๋ณ„ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ ˆ์Šจ์—์„œ๋Š” LaTeX๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์กฐํŒ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ amsmath ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์™€ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

amsmath ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€

amsmath ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์•ฐ๋ธ”์—์„œ ๋กœ๋“œํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

\usepackage{amsmath}

์ด ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” LaTeX์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ

equation๊ณผ equation*

equation ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

\begin{equation}
  E = mc^2
\end{equation}

๋ณ„ํ‘œ ๋ฒ„์ „ equation*๋Š” ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

\begin{equation*}
  \nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t}
\end{equation*}

align๊ณผ align*

align ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์ (์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ = ๋˜๋Š” \leq)์—์„œ ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

\begin{align}
  x^2 + y^2 &= 1 \\
  x &= \cos\theta \\
  y &= \sin\theta
\end{align}

& ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ ฌ ์ง€์ ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ค„์€ ์ž์ฒด ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. align*๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

\begin{align*}
  \nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} &= \frac{\rho}{\epsilon_0} \\
  \nabla \cdot \mathbf{B} &= 0 \\
  \nabla \times \mathbf{E} &= -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t} \\
  \nabla \times \mathbf{B} &= \mu_0\mathbf{J} + \mu_0\epsilon_0\frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t}
\end{align*}

gather์™€ gather*

gather ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์ •๋ ฌ ์—†์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ์ค‘์•™์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

\begin{gather}
  a = b + c \\
  x = y + z \\
  p = q \cdot r
\end{gather}

multline๊ณผ multline*

์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ค„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธด ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

\begin{multline}
  p(x) = 3x^6 + 14x^5y + 590x^4y^2 + 19x^3y^3 \\
  - 12x^2y^4 - 12xy^5 + 2y^6 - a^3b^3
\end{multline}

์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ค„์€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ์ •๋ ฌ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ค„์€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ •๋ ฌ, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ค„์€ ์ค‘์•™ ์ •๋ ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ์ œ์–ด

์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ํƒœ๊ทธ

\tag{}๋กœ ์ž๋™ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ •์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

\begin{equation}
  E = mc^2 \tag{Einstein}
\end{equation}

๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ์–ต์ œ

๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ–‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ \notag๋กœ ํŠน์ • ์ค„์˜ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

\begin{align}
  x &= a + b \\
  y &= c + d \notag \\
  z &= e + f
\end{align}

์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ˆ˜์‹๋งŒ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”๊ณผ ์ฐธ์กฐ

์ƒํ˜ธ ์ฐธ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‹์— ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:pythagorean}
  a^2 + b^2 = c^2
\end{equation}

By the Pythagorean theorem (Equation~\ref{eq:pythagorean}), we have...

\eqref{} ๋ช…๋ น์€ ๊ด„ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

As shown in \eqref{eq:pythagorean}, the relationship holds.

์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "As shown in (1), the relationship holds."๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ–‰๋ ฌ

amsmath ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ–‰๋ ฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

pmatrix (์†Œ๊ด„ํ˜ธ)

\[
  A = \begin{pmatrix}
    a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\
    a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\
    a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}
  \end{pmatrix}
\]

bmatrix (๋Œ€๊ด„ํ˜ธ)

\[
  B = \begin{bmatrix}
    1 & 0 & 0 \\
    0 & 1 & 0 \\
    0 & 0 & 1
  \end{bmatrix}
\]

vmatrix์™€ Vmatrix (ํ–‰๋ ฌ์‹)

\[
  \det(A) = \begin{vmatrix}
    a & b \\
    c & d
  \end{vmatrix} = ad - bc
\]

Vmatrix๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ์ˆ˜์ง์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

\[
  \|A\| = \begin{Vmatrix}
    1 & 2 \\
    3 & 4
  \end{Vmatrix}
\]

smallmatrix (์ธ๋ผ์ธ)

์ธ๋ผ์ธ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์—๋Š” smallmatrix๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

The transformation matrix $\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{smallmatrix}\bigr)$ maps...

์ฐธ๊ณ : smallmatrix๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ \bigl(๊ณผ \bigr)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

ํ–‰๋ ฌ ์˜ˆ์ œ

\begin{align*}
  \mathbf{A} &= \begin{bmatrix}
    1 & 2 & 3 \\
    4 & 5 & 6 \\
    7 & 8 & 9
  \end{bmatrix} \\
  \mathbf{I}_3 &= \begin{pmatrix}
    1 & 0 & 0 \\
    0 & 1 & 0 \\
    0 & 0 & 1
  \end{pmatrix}
\end{align*}

cases๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ณ„ ํ•จ์ˆ˜

\[
  f(x) = \begin{cases}
    x^2 & \text{if } x \geq 0 \\
    -x^2 & \text{if } x < 0
  \end{cases}
\]

๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ œ:

\begin{equation}
  |x| = \begin{cases}
    x & \text{if } x > 0 \\
    0 & \text{if } x = 0 \\
    -x & \text{if } x < 0
  \end{cases}
\end{equation}

์ •๋ฆฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ

amsthm ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€

amsthm ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ๋กœ๋“œํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

\usepackage{amsthm}

์ •๋ฆฌ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}
\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}

์„ ํƒ์  [theorem] ์ธ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ •๋ฆฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌ์šฉ

\begin{theorem}[Pythagorean Theorem]
  \label{thm:pythagoras}
  In a right triangle with legs of length $a$ and $b$ and hypotenuse of length $c$,
  \[
    a^2 + b^2 = c^2
  \]
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
  Consider a square of side length $a+b$...

  Thus, we have shown that $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$.
\end{proof}

proof ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ "Proof"๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋์— QED ๊ธฐํ˜ธ (โ–ก)๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ

์ •์˜, ๋น„๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
\newtheorem{example}{Example}

\theoremstyle{remark}
\newtheorem{remark}{Remark}
\newtheorem{note}{Note}

์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‚ด์žฅ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ: - plain: ์ดํƒค๋ฆญ์ฒด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ (์ •๋ฆฌ, ๋ณด์กฐ์ •๋ฆฌ์šฉ) - definition: ์ •์ฒด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ (์ •์˜, ์˜ˆ์ œ์šฉ) - remark: ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ •์ฒด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ (๋น„๊ณ , ์ฐธ๊ณ ์šฉ)

์™„์ „ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ œ

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsthm}

\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}

\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}

\theoremstyle{remark}
\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark}

\begin{document}

\section{Fundamental Concepts}

\begin{definition}[Continuity]
  A function $f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ is continuous at $x = a$ if
  \[
    \lim_{x \to a} f(x) = f(a)
  \]
\end{definition}

\begin{theorem}[Intermediate Value Theorem]
  If $f$ is continuous on $[a,b]$ and $f(a) < 0 < f(b)$, then there exists
  $c \in (a,b)$ such that $f(c) = 0$.
\end{theorem}

\begin{remark}
  This theorem does not hold for discontinuous functions.
\end{remark}

\end{document}

QED ๊ธฐํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜

\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{$\blacksquare$}

์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž

\DeclareMathOperator๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋กœ๋งŒ์ฒด(์ •์ฒด)๋กœ ์กฐํŒ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ์„ธ์š”:

\DeclareMathOperator{\argmax}{arg\,max}
\DeclareMathOperator{\argmin}{arg\,min}
\DeclareMathOperator{\tr}{tr}
\DeclareMathOperator{\rank}{rank}
\DeclareMathOperator{\diag}{diag}

์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•:

\[
  \theta^* = \argmax_\theta \mathcal{L}(\theta)
\]

\[
  \tr(AB) = \tr(BA)
\]

ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž(\max์™€ \min์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณ„ํ‘œ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}

\[
  x^* = \argmax_{x \in \mathbb{R}^n} f(x)
\]

๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ–‰ ์ˆ˜์‹

split ํ™˜๊ฒฝ

ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ–‰ ์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด equation ๋‚ด์—์„œ split์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

\begin{equation}
  \begin{split}
    (a + b)^2 &= (a + b)(a + b) \\
    &= a^2 + ab + ba + b^2 \\
    &= a^2 + 2ab + b^2
  \end{split}
\end{equation}

์ฃผ์„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ ์ˆ˜์‹

\begin{align}
  f(x) &= x^2 + 2x + 1 \\
  &= (x + 1)^2 && \text{(completing the square)} \\
  &\geq 0 && \text{(squares are non-negative)}
\end{align}

&&๋Š” ์ฃผ์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ •๋ ฌ ์ง€์ ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์Šคํƒ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ

overset๊ณผ underset

\[
  A \overset{\text{def}}{=} B
\]

\[
  \lim_{n \to \infty} a_n \overset{?}{=} L
\]

\[
  X \underset{\text{i.i.d.}}{\sim} \mathcal{N}(0, 1)
\]

stackrel

\[
  f(x) \stackrel{x \to 0}{\longrightarrow} L
\]

๋‹ค์ค‘ ์Šคํƒ

\[
  A \underset{\text{below}}{\overset{\text{above}}{=}} B
\]

๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์˜ˆ์ œ

๋ณต์†Œ ์ ๋ถ„

\begin{equation}
  \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2} \, dx = \sqrt{\pi}
\end{equation}

์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ฉ

\[
  \sum_{\substack{1 \leq i \leq n \\ i \text{ odd}}} i^2
\]

์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜

\[
  x = a_0 + \cfrac{1}{a_1 + \cfrac{1}{a_2 + \cfrac{1}{a_3 + \cdots}}}
\]

์ฐธ๊ณ : ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด \frac ๋Œ€์‹  \cfrac(์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

์—ฐ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹

\[
  \left\{
    \begin{aligned}
      x + y + z &= 6 \\
      2x - y + 3z &= 14 \\
      -x + 3y - 2z &= -8
    \end{aligned}
  \right.
\]

๊ฐ€ํ™˜ ๋„ํ‘œ

๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ก ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์œ„ํ•ด tikz-cd ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

\usepackage{tikz-cd}

\begin{tikzcd}
  A \arrow[r, "f"] \arrow[d, "g"] & B \arrow[d, "h"] \\
  C \arrow[r, "k"] & D
\end{tikzcd}

๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ™˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•:

\[
  \begin{tikzcd}
    X \times Y \arrow[r, "\pi_1"] \arrow[d, "\pi_2"] & X \arrow[d, "f"] \\
    Y \arrow[r, "g"] & Z
  \end{tikzcd}
\]

๋Œ€๊ฐ์„  ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ:

\[
  \begin{tikzcd}
    A \arrow[r] \arrow[dr] & B \arrow[d] \\
    & C
  \end{tikzcd}
\]

physics ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€

physics ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ ๋ถ„ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:

\usepackage{physics}

๋ฏธ๋ถ„

% Ordinary derivatives
\dv{x}  % d/dx
\dv{f}{x}  % df/dx
\dv[2]{f}{x}  % dยฒf/dxยฒ

% Partial derivatives
\pdv{x}  % โˆ‚/โˆ‚x
\pdv{f}{x}  % โˆ‚f/โˆ‚x
\pdv{f}{x}{y}  % โˆ‚ยฒf/โˆ‚xโˆ‚y
\pdv[2]{f}{x}  % โˆ‚ยฒf/โˆ‚xยฒ

์˜ˆ์ œ:

\begin{equation}
  \pdv{u}{t} = \alpha \pdv[2]{u}{x}
\end{equation}

์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

% Bra-ket notation
\bra{\psi}  % โŸจฯˆ|
\ket{\phi}  % |ฯ†โŸฉ
\braket{\psi|\phi}  % โŸจฯˆ|ฯ†โŸฉ
\braket{\psi}  % โŸจฯˆ|ฯˆโŸฉ
\ketbra{\psi}{\phi}  % |ฯˆโŸฉโŸจฯ†|

% Expectation value
\expval{A}  % โŸจAโŸฉ
\expval{A}{\psi}  % โŸจฯˆ|A|ฯˆโŸฉ

์˜ˆ์ œ:

\begin{equation}
  \expval{\hat{H}}{\psi} = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \psi^*(x) \hat{H} \psi(x) \, dx
\end{equation}

๋ฒกํ„ฐ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

\vb{v}  % bold vector
\vb*{v}  % arrow vector
\grad  % gradient โˆ‡
\div  % divergence
\curl  % curl
\laplacian  % Laplacian โˆ‡ยฒ

ํ–‰๋ ฌ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ

\tr{A}  % trace
\Tr{A}  % trace (capital)
\rank{A}  % rank
\det{A}  % determinant

์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์˜ˆ์ œ

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsthm,amssymb}
\usepackage{physics}

\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}

\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}

\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmin}{arg\,min}

\begin{document}

\section{Optimization Theory}

\begin{definition}[Convex Function]
  A function $f: \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}$ is convex if for all $x, y \in \mathbb{R}^n$
  and $\lambda \in [0,1]$,
  \begin{equation}
    f(\lambda x + (1-\lambda)y) \leq \lambda f(x) + (1-\lambda)f(y)
  \end{equation}
\end{definition}

\begin{theorem}[First-Order Condition]
  \label{thm:first-order}
  Let $f: \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}$ be differentiable. If $x^*$ is a local minimum, then
  \begin{equation}
    \nabla f(x^*) = \mathbf{0}
  \end{equation}
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
  Suppose $\nabla f(x^*) \neq \mathbf{0}$. Then we can find a direction $d$ such that
  \begin{align}
    \nabla f(x^*)^\top d &< 0 \\
    f(x^* + \epsilon d) &< f(x^*) && \text{for sufficiently small } \epsilon > 0
  \end{align}
  This contradicts the assumption that $x^*$ is a local minimum.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}[Gradient Descent Update]
  The gradient descent iteration
  \begin{equation}
    x_{k+1} = x_k - \alpha_k \nabla f(x_k)
  \end{equation}
  decreases the objective value when $\alpha_k$ is sufficiently small.
\end{lemma}

Consider the quadratic optimization problem:
\begin{equation}
  \begin{split}
    \min_{x \in \mathbb{R}^n} \quad & \frac{1}{2} x^\top Q x - b^\top x \\
    \text{subject to} \quad & Ax = c
  \end{split}
\end{equation}

The Lagrangian is:
\begin{align}
  \mathcal{L}(x, \lambda) &= \frac{1}{2} x^\top Q x - b^\top x + \lambda^\top (Ax - c)
\end{align}

The optimality conditions are:
\begin{align}
  \nabla_x \mathcal{L} &= Qx - b + A^\top \lambda = 0 \\
  \nabla_\lambda \mathcal{L} &= Ax - c = 0
\end{align}

In matrix form:
\begin{equation}
  \begin{bmatrix}
    Q & A^\top \\
    A & 0
  \end{bmatrix}
  \begin{bmatrix}
    x^* \\
    \lambda^*
  \end{bmatrix}
  =
  \begin{bmatrix}
    b \\
    c
  \end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}

\end{document}

ํƒ€์ดํฌ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€

  1. ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌ์šฉ: ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ ์ˆ˜์‹์€ align, ์ค‘์•™ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” gather, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธด ์ˆ˜์‹์€ multline
  2. ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ๊ณผ์šฉ ๊ธˆ์ง€: ์ฐธ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š” ์—†์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ณ„ํ‘œ ๋ฒ„์ „(align*, equation*) ์‚ฌ์šฉ
  3. ์ •๋ ฌ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ: ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ(=, <, \leq)์—์„œ ์ •๋ ฌ
  4. ํ–‰๋ ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ: LaTeX๊ฐ€ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ๊ธˆ์ง€
  5. ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ: ์ฃผ์„์—๋Š” \text{} ์‚ฌ์šฉ
  6. ๊ตฌ๋‘์ : ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋‘์  ํฌํ•จ
  7. ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•: ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž ์ •์˜

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜

  1. eqnarray ์‚ฌ์šฉ: ์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ตฌ์‹์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ align ์‚ฌ์šฉ
  2. ์ˆ˜๋™ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ: ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด \,, \! ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ธˆ์ง€, LaTeX๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•จ
  3. ์ •๋ ฌ ๊นจ์ง: align์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค„์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ &๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”
  4. \\ ์žŠ๊ธฐ: ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ–‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์ค„์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด \\๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”(๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ œ์™ธ)
  5. ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ: align ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— equation ๋„ฃ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ

์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ

์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ 1: Maxwell ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹

๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ์ ๋ถ„ ํ˜•์‹์˜ Maxwell ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ align ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐํŒํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ 2: ํ–‰๋ ฌ ์ฆ๋ช…

๋‹ค์Œ ์ •๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ์กฐํŒํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

์ •๋ฆฌ: $A$์™€ $B$๊ฐ€ $n \times n$ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์ด๋ฉด, $\det(AB) = \det(A)\det(B)$.

์ฆ๋ช…: ํ–‰๋ ฌ์‹์ด ๊ณฑ์…ˆ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ...

์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ 3: ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ณ„ ํ•จ์ˆ˜

Heaviside ๊ณ„๋‹จ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

H(x) = { 0  if x < 0
       { 1  if x โ‰ฅ 0

์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ 4: ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ

๋‹ค์Œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์„ธ์š”: - ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •๋ฆฌ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ (์ •๋ฆฌ, ์ •์˜, ๋น„๊ณ ) - ์ฆ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ - ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ •์˜ - ์ •๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ฐธ์กฐ

์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ 5: ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ

๋‹ค์Œ ์ œ์•ฝ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ Lagrangian๊ณผ KKT ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐํŒํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

minimize    f(x)
subject to  g_i(x) โ‰ค 0, i = 1,...,m
            h_j(x) = 0, j = 1,...,p

์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ 6: ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™

physics ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์กด Schrรถdinger ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์กฐํŒํ•˜๊ณ  Hamiltonian์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ“๊ฐ’์ด ๋ณด์กด๋จ์„ ๋ณด์ด์„ธ์š”.

์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ 7: ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜

ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋ถ„์ˆ˜๋กœ ์กฐํŒํ•˜์„ธ์š”:

ฯ† = 1 + 1/(1 + 1/(1 + 1/(1 + ...)))

์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ 8: ๊ฐ€ํ™˜ ๋„ํ‘œ

๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ก ์—์„œ pullback ๋˜๋Š” pushout์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํ™˜ ๋„ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์„ธ์š”.


์š”์•ฝ

์ด ๋ ˆ์Šจ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ: - amsmath ํ™˜๊ฒฝ: equation, align, gather, multline - \tag, \notag, \label, \eqref๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ๋งค๊ธฐ๊ธฐ - ํ–‰๋ ฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ: pmatrix, bmatrix, vmatrix - cases๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ณ„ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ - amsthm์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋ฆฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ - \DeclareMathOperator๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž - ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ–‰ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• - ์Šคํƒ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์™€ ์ฃผ์„ - tikz-cd๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ™˜ ๋„ํ‘œ - physics ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์กฐํŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


๋‚ด๋น„๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜: - ์ด์ „: 04_Math_Basics.md - ๋‹ค์Œ: 06_Floats_and_Figures.md - ๊ฐœ์š”๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ

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