Subnetting Practice

Subnetting Practice

Overview

This document covers practical calculation methods and various practice problems for subnetting. Subnetting is a core skill in network design and management, enabling efficient IP address allocation and network segmentation.

Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐ Estimated Learning Time: 3-4 hours Prerequisites: 06_IP_Address_Subnetting.md


Table of Contents

  1. Subnetting Calculation Basics
  2. Network Address, Broadcast Address, and Host Range
  3. Subnet Division Examples
  4. VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)
  5. Subnet Design Problems
  6. Practice Problems
  7. Next Steps
  8. References

1. Subnetting Calculation Basics

1.1 Memorizing Powers of 2

To calculate subnetting quickly, you must memorize powers of 2.

2^0 = 1        2^5 = 32       2^10 = 1,024
2^1 = 2        2^6 = 64       2^11 = 2,048
2^2 = 4        2^7 = 128      2^12 = 4,096
2^3 = 8        2^8 = 256      2^13 = 8,192
2^4 = 16       2^9 = 512      2^14 = 16,384

1.2 Subnet Mask and CIDR Notation

CIDR Subnet Mask Host Bits Usable Hosts
/24 255.255.255.0 8 254
/25 255.255.255.128 7 126
/26 255.255.255.192 6 62
/27 255.255.255.224 5 30
/28 255.255.255.240 4 14
/29 255.255.255.248 3 6
/30 255.255.255.252 2 2
/31 255.255.255.254 1 2 (Point-to-Point)
/32 255.255.255.255 0 1 (Host route)

1.3 Magic Number

The magic number represents the subnet size and speeds up calculations.

Magic Number = 256 - Last octet value of subnet mask
Subnet Mask Magic Number CIDR
255.255.255.0 256 /24
255.255.255.128 128 /25
255.255.255.192 64 /26
255.255.255.224 32 /27
255.255.255.240 16 /28
255.255.255.248 8 /29
255.255.255.252 4 /30

1.4 Subnet Calculation Formulas

Subnet Count = 2^(subnet bits)
Host Count = 2^(host bits) - 2
Block Size = 256 - Subnet mask value (last octet)

2. Network Address, Broadcast Address, and Host Range

2.1 Core Concepts

β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”
β”‚                      192.168.1.0/24                         β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€
β”‚  Network Address   : 192.168.1.0     (all host bits = 0)   β”‚
β”‚  First Host        : 192.168.1.1                            β”‚
β”‚  Last Host         : 192.168.1.254                          β”‚
β”‚  Broadcast Address : 192.168.1.255   (all host bits = 1)   β”‚
β”‚  Usable Hosts      : 254                                    β”‚
β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜

2.2 Calculation Method

Example: Calculate network information for 192.168.1.100/26

Step 1: Determine subnet mask

/26 = 255.255.255.192
Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

Step 2: Calculate block size

Block size = 256 - 192 = 64

Step 3: Find network address

Last octet of IP: 100
100 Γ· 64 = 1 (remainder 36)
Network start: 1 Γ— 64 = 64
Network address: 192.168.1.64

Step 4: Calculate broadcast address

Broadcast = Network address + Block size - 1
          = 64 + 64 - 1 = 127
Broadcast address: 192.168.1.127

Step 5: Determine host range

First host: 192.168.1.65
Last host: 192.168.1.126
Usable hosts: 62 (2^6 - 2)

2.3 Visual Understanding

Subnet division of 192.168.1.0/26 network

β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”
β”‚                    192.168.1.0/24                       β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€
β”‚ Subnet 1       β”‚ Subnet 2       β”‚ Subnet 3       β”‚ Subnet 4       β”‚
β”‚ .0 - .63      β”‚ .64 - .127    β”‚ .128 - .191   β”‚ .192 - .255   β”‚
β”‚ /26           β”‚ /26           β”‚ /26           β”‚ /26           β”‚
β”‚               β”‚               β”‚               β”‚               β”‚
β”‚ Network: .0   β”‚ Network: .64  β”‚ Network: .128 β”‚ Network: .192 β”‚
β”‚ Hosts:        β”‚ Hosts:        β”‚ Hosts:        β”‚ Hosts:        β”‚
β”‚ .1 - .62      β”‚ .65 - .126    β”‚ .129 - .190   β”‚ .193 - .254   β”‚
β”‚ Broadcast:.63 β”‚ Broadcast:.127β”‚ Broadcast:.191β”‚ Broadcast:.255β”‚
β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜

2.4 Binary Calculation

IP Address:    192.168.1.100 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.01100100
Subnet Mask:   255.255.255.192 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
                                                          ↑↑
                                                    Network bits

AND operation (Network address):
  11000000.10101000.00000001.01100100  (IP)
& 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000  (Mask)
= 11000000.10101000.00000001.01000000  = 192.168.1.64

OR operation (Broadcast address):
  11000000.10101000.00000001.01000000  (Network)
| 00000000.00000000.00000000.00111111  (Wildcard)
= 11000000.10101000.00000001.01111111  = 192.168.1.127

3. Subnet Division Examples

3.1 Dividing /24 Network into 4 Parts

Problem: Divide 10.0.0.0/24 into 4 equal subnets

Solution:

4 subnets = 2^2 β†’ Need to add 2 subnet bits
New CIDR: /24 + 2 = /26
Hosts per subnet: 2^6 - 2 = 62

Results:

Subnet Network Address Host Range Broadcast
1 10.0.0.0/26 10.0.0.1 - 62 10.0.0.63
2 10.0.0.64/26 10.0.0.65 - 126 10.0.0.127
3 10.0.0.128/26 10.0.0.129 - 190 10.0.0.191
4 10.0.0.192/26 10.0.0.193 - 254 10.0.0.255

3.2 Dividing /16 Network into 16 Parts

Problem: Divide 172.16.0.0/16 into 16 subnets

Solution:

16 subnets = 2^4 β†’ Add 4 subnet bits
New CIDR: /16 + 4 = /20
Hosts per subnet: 2^12 - 2 = 4,094
Block size: 256 - 240 = 16 (in third octet)

Results:

Subnet Network Address Host Range
1 172.16.0.0/20 172.16.0.1 - 172.16.15.254
2 172.16.16.0/20 172.16.16.1 - 172.16.31.254
3 172.16.32.0/20 172.16.32.1 - 172.16.47.254
4 172.16.48.0/20 172.16.48.1 - 172.16.63.254
... ... ...
16 172.16.240.0/20 172.16.240.1 - 172.16.255.254

3.3 Subnet for Specific Host Count

Problem: Need subnet to support 50 hosts from 192.168.10.0/24

Solution:

Need to support 50 hosts
2^5 - 2 = 30 (insufficient)
2^6 - 2 = 62 (sufficient)

Host bits: 6
CIDR: /26
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192

4. VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)

4.1 What is VLSM?

VLSM is a technique to efficiently allocate IP addresses using subnets of different sizes.

Traditional Subnetting (Equal Size)     VLSM (Variable Size)

β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”¬β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”           β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”
β”‚ /26     β”‚ /26     β”‚           β”‚     /25         β”‚
β”‚ 62 host β”‚ 62 host β”‚           β”‚   126 host      β”‚
β”œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€           β”œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”¬β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€
β”‚ /26     β”‚ /26     β”‚           β”‚ /27    β”‚ /27    β”‚
β”‚ 62 host β”‚ 62 host β”‚           β”‚30 host β”‚30 host β”‚
β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜           β”œβ”€β”€β”€β”¬β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€
                                β”‚/30β”‚   /28       β”‚
Wastes many IPs                 β”‚2  β”‚   14 host   β”‚
                                β””β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜
                                Efficient IP usage

4.2 VLSM Design Principles

  1. Allocate large subnets first: Start with networks requiring most hosts
  2. Use powers of 2: Each subnet size is 2^n - 2
  3. Use contiguous addresses: Maintain contiguous address space

4.3 VLSM Design Example

Scenario: Divide 172.20.0.0/22 according to requirements

Department Required Hosts
Sales 200
Development 100
HR 50
Management 20
WAN Link 1 2
WAN Link 2 2

Step 1: Sort by size and determine subnets

Department Hosts Required Bits Subnet Actual Hosts
Sales 200 8 /24 254
Development 100 7 /25 126
HR 50 6 /26 62
Management 20 5 /27 30
WAN Link 1 2 2 /30 2
WAN Link 2 2 2 /30 2

Step 2: Address allocation

172.20.0.0/22 (1,022 usable hosts)
β”‚
β”œβ”€ Sales: 172.20.0.0/24
β”‚   β”œβ”€ Network: 172.20.0.0
β”‚   β”œβ”€ Hosts: 172.20.0.1 - 172.20.0.254
β”‚   └─ Broadcast: 172.20.0.255
β”‚
β”œβ”€ Development: 172.20.1.0/25
β”‚   β”œβ”€ Network: 172.20.1.0
β”‚   β”œβ”€ Hosts: 172.20.1.1 - 172.20.1.126
β”‚   └─ Broadcast: 172.20.1.127
β”‚
β”œβ”€ HR: 172.20.1.128/26
β”‚   β”œβ”€ Network: 172.20.1.128
β”‚   β”œβ”€ Hosts: 172.20.1.129 - 172.20.1.190
β”‚   └─ Broadcast: 172.20.1.191
β”‚
β”œβ”€ Management: 172.20.1.192/27
β”‚   β”œβ”€ Network: 172.20.1.192
β”‚   β”œβ”€ Hosts: 172.20.1.193 - 172.20.1.222
β”‚   └─ Broadcast: 172.20.1.223
β”‚
β”œβ”€ WAN Link 1: 172.20.1.224/30
β”‚   β”œβ”€ Network: 172.20.1.224
β”‚   β”œβ”€ Hosts: 172.20.1.225 - 172.20.1.226
β”‚   └─ Broadcast: 172.20.1.227
β”‚
└─ WAN Link 2: 172.20.1.228/30
    β”œβ”€ Network: 172.20.1.228
    β”œβ”€ Hosts: 172.20.1.229 - 172.20.1.230
    └─ Broadcast: 172.20.1.231

Step 3: Address usage status

172.20.0.0/22 Address Map

       .0         .64        .128       .192       .255
        β”œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€
   .0   β”‚                  Sales /24                  β”‚
        β”œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”¬β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€
   .1   β”‚    Development /25  β”‚   HR     β”‚Mgmtβ”‚ WAN β”‚
        β”‚                     β”‚  /26     β”‚/27 β”‚/30  β”‚
        β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜
   .2   β”‚              (Reserved)                    β”‚
        β”œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€
   .3   β”‚              (Reserved)                    β”‚
        β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜

4.4 VLSM Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages: - Efficient IP address usage - Flexible allocation matching network size - Route aggregation possible

Disadvantages: - Increased design complexity - Address overlap possible if mistakes made - All routers must support VLSM


5. Subnet Design Problems

5.1 Small Office Design

Requirements: - Public IP: 203.0.113.0/28 - Networks: Web servers (3), Internal servers (5), Management (2)

Design:

203.0.113.0/28 (14 usable hosts)
β”‚
β”œβ”€ Web servers: 203.0.113.1 - 203.0.113.3
β”œβ”€ Internal servers: 203.0.113.4 - 203.0.113.8
β”œβ”€ Management: 203.0.113.9 - 203.0.113.10
β”œβ”€ Reserved: 203.0.113.11 - 203.0.113.13
└─ Gateway: 203.0.113.14 (last host)

5.2 Medium Enterprise Network

Requirements: - Network: 10.100.0.0/16 - Headquarters: 1,000 people - Branch A: 200 people - Branch B: 150 people - Data center: 500 servers - Consider future expansion

VLSM Design:

Zone Subnet Host Range Capacity
Headquarters 10.100.0.0/22 10.100.0.1 - 10.100.3.254 1,022
Data Center 10.100.4.0/23 10.100.4.1 - 10.100.5.254 510
Branch A 10.100.6.0/24 10.100.6.1 - 10.100.6.254 254
Branch B 10.100.7.0/24 10.100.7.1 - 10.100.7.254 254
Mgmt VLAN 10.100.8.0/26 10.100.8.1 - 10.100.8.62 62
WAN Link 10.100.8.64/30 10.100.8.65 - 10.100.8.66 2
Reserved 10.100.9.0/24+ - -

5.3 Network Diagram

                    β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”
                    β”‚   Internet  β”‚
                    β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”¬β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜
                           β”‚
                    β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”
                    β”‚  Edge Router β”‚
                    β”‚ 10.100.8.65 β”‚
                    β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”¬β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜
              WAN Link /30 β”‚ 10.100.8.64/30
                    β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”
                    β”‚ Core Switch β”‚
                    β”‚ 10.100.8.1  β”‚
                    β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”¬β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜
            β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”Όβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”
            β”‚              β”‚              β”‚
     β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”β”Œβ”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”΄β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”
     β”‚Headquarters β”‚β”‚ Data Center β”‚β”‚   Branch A  β”‚
     β”‚10.100.0.0/22β”‚β”‚10.100.4.0/23β”‚β”‚10.100.6.0/24β”‚
     β”‚ 1,022 hosts β”‚β”‚  510 hosts  β”‚β”‚  254 hosts  β”‚
     β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜β””β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”€β”˜

6. Practice Problems

Problem 1: Basic Subnet Calculation

Calculate the network information for the following IP addresses.

a) 192.168.50.100/27

Network address: ____________
Broadcast address: ____________
Host range: ____________
Usable host count: ____________

b) 10.20.30.200/21

Network address: ____________
Broadcast address: ____________
Host range: ____________
Usable host count: ____________

c) 172.31.128.50/18

Network address: ____________
Broadcast address: ____________
Host range: ____________
Usable host count: ____________

Problem 2: Subnet Division

a) Divide 192.168.100.0/24 into 8 equal subnets.

Subnet Network Address Host Range Broadcast
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

b) How many subnets supporting 16,000 hosts each can be created from 10.0.0.0/8?

Problem 3: VLSM Design

Scenario: Divide 172.30.0.0/23 according to requirements.

Network Required Hosts
LAN A 120
LAN B 60
LAN C 30
LAN D 10
WAN Link 1 2
WAN Link 2 2

Design results:

Network Subnet Network Address Host Range Broadcast
LAN A
LAN B
LAN C
LAN D
WAN Link 1
WAN Link 2

Problem 4: Comprehensive Network Design

Scenario: You must design a network for a new company.

  • Allocated network: 10.50.0.0/20
  • Requirements:
  • Sales: 500 people
  • Technical: 250 people
  • Admin: 100 people
  • Server farm: 60 servers
  • DMZ: 20 servers
  • Expect 30% growth over next 3 years

Allocate appropriate subnets to each department and design for future expansion.


Answers

Problem 1 Answers

a) 192.168.50.100/27

Block size: 256 - 224 = 32
100 Γ· 32 = 3 (remainder 4) β†’ Start: 96
Network address: 192.168.50.96
Broadcast address: 192.168.50.127
Host range: 192.168.50.97 - 192.168.50.126
Usable host count: 30

b) 10.20.30.200/21

/21 = 5 network bits in third octet, 3 bits + 8 bits host
Block size (3rd octet): 8
30 Γ· 8 = 3 (remainder 6) β†’ Start: 24
Network address: 10.20.24.0
Broadcast address: 10.20.31.255
Host range: 10.20.24.1 - 10.20.31.254
Usable host count: 2,046

c) 172.31.128.50/18

/18 = 2 network bits in second octet
Block size (2nd octet): 64
128 Γ· 64 = 2 β†’ Start: 128
Network address: 172.31.128.0
Broadcast address: 172.31.191.255
Host range: 172.31.128.1 - 172.31.191.254
Usable host count: 16,382

Problem 2 Answers

a) 8 subnet division

8 = 2^3 β†’ Need to add 3 bits
/24 + 3 = /27 (Block size: 32)
Subnet Network Address Host Range Broadcast
1 192.168.100.0/27 .1 - .30 192.168.100.31
2 192.168.100.32/27 .33 - .62 192.168.100.63
3 192.168.100.64/27 .65 - .94 192.168.100.95
4 192.168.100.96/27 .97 - .126 192.168.100.127
5 192.168.100.128/27 .129 - .158 192.168.100.159
6 192.168.100.160/27 .161 - .190 192.168.100.191
7 192.168.100.192/27 .193 - .222 192.168.100.223
8 192.168.100.224/27 .225 - .254 192.168.100.255

b) 16,000 host subnets

16,000 hosts β†’ 2^14 = 16,384 needed β†’ 14 host bits
CIDR: 32 - 14 = /18
10.0.0.0/8 β†’ /18 subnet count: 2^(18-8) = 2^10 = 1,024

Problem 3 Answer (VLSM)

Network Subnet Network Address Host Range Broadcast
LAN A /25 172.30.0.0/25 172.30.0.1 - .126 172.30.0.127
LAN B /26 172.30.0.128/26 172.30.0.129 - .190 172.30.0.191
LAN C /27 172.30.0.192/27 172.30.0.193 - .222 172.30.0.223
LAN D /28 172.30.0.224/28 172.30.0.225 - .238 172.30.0.239
WAN Link 1 /30 172.30.0.240/30 172.30.0.241 - .242 172.30.0.243
WAN Link 2 /30 172.30.0.244/30 172.30.0.245 - .246 172.30.0.247

7. Next Steps

If you've practiced subnetting sufficiently, proceed to the next topics.

Next Lessons

  1. Practice subnet calculation with various CIDR combinations
  2. Verify with ip addr in real network environments
  3. Practice subnet configuration in Packet Tracer

8. References

Online Tools

Learning Materials

  • RFC 950 - Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure
  • RFC 1878 - Variable Length Subnet Table
  • Cisco Networking Academy - Subnetting

Command Reference

# Linux/macOS - Check network configuration
ip addr show
ifconfig

# Subnet calculation tools
ipcalc 192.168.1.0/24      # Linux
sipcalc 192.168.1.0/24     # Linux

# Windows
ipconfig /all

Document Information - Last updated: 2024 - Difficulty: ⭐⭐⭐ - Estimated learning time: 3-4 hours

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